How do ABC transporters lead to drug resistance?

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a family of transporter proteins that are responsible for drug resistance and a low bioavailability of drugs by pumping a variety of drugs out cells at the expense of ATP hydrolysis.

What is a multidrug resistance transporter protein?

Multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) are members of the C family of a group of proteins named ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. They are mainly lipophilic anionic transporters and are reported to transport free or conjugates of glutathione (GSH), glucuronate, or sulphate.

What proteins are part of the ABC transport system?

ABC Transporters Analysis Section Typically, it consists of two integral membrane proteins (permeases) each having six transmembrane segments, two peripheral membrane proteins that bind and hydrolyze ATP, and a periplasmic (or lipoprotein) substrate-binding protein.

What do ABC transporter proteins do?

ABC proteins transport a number of endogenous substrates, including inorganic anions, metal ions, peptides, amino acids, sugars and a large number of hydrophobic compounds and metabolites across the plasma membrane, and also across intracellular membranes.

How do ABC transporters work?

Function. ABC transporters utilize the energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis to transport various substrates across cellular membranes. The substrates that can be transported include ions, amino acids, peptides, sugars, and other molecules that are mostly hydrophilic.

What is an ABC transporter MCAT?

ABC transporter: class of membrane proteins that use ATP to actively transport molecules outside of the cell. Primary active transport: directly uses ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient.

What type of protein is the multidrug resistance Protein?

The multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP) family is a subclass of the ABC superfamily (ABCC). In humans, this family includes a total of nine MRP genes (MRP1 to MRP9) and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). These proteins are plasma membrane localized.

How many different types of multidrug resistance proteins are there?

Genetic studies have divided the ABC transporter superfamily into seven subfamilies based on sequence similarities (1). Nine human multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) are generally members of subfamily C in the ABC superfamily.

How does the ABC transport system work?

Function. ABC transporters utilize the energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis to transport various substrates across cellular membranes. The membrane-spanning region of the ABC transporter protects hydrophilic substrates from the lipids of the membrane bilayer thus providing a pathway across the cell membrane.

How do microbes use ABC Transport?

In bacteria, ABC exporters extrude diverse substrates, including drugs and antibiotics, whereas ABC importers mediate the uptake of essential nutrients. Bacterial multidrug ABC proteins are generally expressed as ‘half-transporters’ that contain one TMD fused to a NBD, which dimerize to form the full transporter.

What is the function of a raffinose ABC transporter?

ABC transporters use the free energy of ATP hydrolysis via two intracellular nucleotide binding domains to energize the uptake of a variety of molecules.

How many types of ABC transporters are there?

There are 48 ABC transporters in humans that can be subdivided by phylogenetic analysis into seven distinct subfamilies A-G [8,9].

What are the role of ABC transporters in multidrug resistance?

Thirty years after the initial cloning and characterization of MDR1 and the implication of two additional ABC transporters, the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1; encoded by ABCC1)), and ABCG2, in multidrug resistance, interest in investigating these transporters as therapeutic targets has waned.

What is the role of ABC transporters in cancer?

Most patients who die of cancer have disseminated disease that has become resistant to multiple therapeutic modalities. Ample evidence suggests that the expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, especially the multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1, also known as P-glycoprotein or P-gp), …

How does multidrug resistance associated protein ( MRP ) work?

Multidrug Resistance Associated Protein MRPs contribute to the phase III elimination of xenobiotics from cells to extracellular fluid, which are conjugated with hydrophilic moieties. From:Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes, 2016 Related terms: Protein Effusion ABC Transporter Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Multidrug Resistance Associated Protein 1

How are MDR-ABC transporters different from other transporters?

MDR-ABC transporters are unique because they extract lipid/drug molecules as they diffuse through the cell membrane and either flip them to the outer leaflet or expel them into the extracellular milieu.